1/21/2024 0 Comments Electric flux formula for closed![]() ![]() (ii) In figure (b), the net charge inside the cube is 3q and the total electric flux in the cube is therefore Φ E = 3q/ ε. But the closed surface A 2 contains no charges inside, so electric flux through A 2 is zero. So electric flux through this closed surface A 1 is Q/ ε. (i) In figure (a), the area A1 encloses the charge Q. (ii) In figure (b), calculate the electric flux through the cube (i) In figure (a), calculate the electric flux through the closed areas A 1 and A 2. Because of this reason, Gauss law is treated as much more general law than Coulomb’s law. (vi) Gauss law is another form of Coulomb’s law and it is also applicable to the charges in motion. It is because, very close to the discrete charges, the electric field is not well defined. (v) The Gaussian surface cannot pass through any discrete charge but it can pass through continuous charge distributions. (iv) In the LHS of equation (1.62), the electric field is due to charges present inside and outside the Gaussian surface but the charge Q encl denotes the charges which lie only inside the Gaussian surface. Cylindrical and planar Gaussian surfaces can be chosen for other kinds of charge configurations. The electric field is spherically symmetric for a point charge, therefore spherical Gaussian surface is chosen. The shape of the Gaussian surface to be chosen depends on the type of charge configuration and the kind of symmetry existing in that charge configuration. ![]() This imaginary surface is called a Gaussian surface. (iii) To arrive at equation (1.62), we have chosen a spherical surface. ![]() (ii) The total electric flux is independent of the location of the charges inside the closed surface. (i) The total electric flux through the closed surface depends only on the charges enclosed by the surface and the charges present outside the surface will not contribute to the flux and the shape of the closed surface which can be chosen arbitrarily. Here Q encl denotes the charges inside the closed surface. Gauss’s law states that if a charge Q is enclosed by an arbitrary closed surface, then the total electric flux Φ E through the closed surface is It is seen that the total electric flux is the same for closed surfaces A 1, A 2 and A 3 as shown in the Figure 1.37. The remarkable point about this result is that the equation (1.61) is equally true for any arbitrary shaped surface which encloses the charge Q and as shown in the Figure 1.37. The equation (1.61) is called as Gauss’s law. Therefore, the direction of the area element d is along the electric field and θ = 0 °. The electric field of the point charge is directed radially outward at all points on the surface of the sphere. We can calculate the total electric flux through the closed surface of the sphere using the equation (1.58). A positive point charge Q is surrounded by an imaginary sphere of radius r as shown in Figure 1.36. ![]()
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